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Diversifying our portfolio diversifiers
Market take
Weekly video_20241216
Vivek Paul
Global Head of Portfolio Research, BlackRock Investment Institute
Opening frame: What’s driving markets? Market take
Camera frame
With a wide range of market and economic outcomes now possible, bonds less reliably shield portfolios against equity selloffs.
We look to expand our diversification toolkit. It’s not about replacing bonds, but introducing unique drivers of risk and return.
Title slide: Diversifying our portfolio diversifiers
1: Bonds less of a ballast
Sticky inflation has upended the historical negative correlation between stock and bond returns.
That’s why we think investors should consider adding new diversifiers alongside bonds – like gold and bitcoin.
2: The case for gold
We think gold has diversification properties because its value drivers are different than those for equity and bond returns.
Gold prices have surged this year as investors seek to bolster portfolios against higher inflation and some central banks seek alternatives to major reserve currencies.
3: The case for bitcoin
We think bitcoin should be less correlated with major risk assets over the long term because the drivers of its value are different than for traditional assets. Demand for bitcoin is based on its potential to become more widely adopted.
Outro: Here’s our Market take
We stay pro-risk headed into 2025 and see US corporate profits staying strong even as US growth moderates.
Yet if markets to flip-flop in their pricing of interest rates, bonds may not effectively hedge against any pullbacks in risk assets.
That calls for rethinking portfolio diversification.
Closing frame: Read details: blackrock.com/weekly-commentary
Diversifying amid transformation
We see a transformation underway making a wide range of outcomes possible. That alters how we assess portfolio diversification and drivers of risk and return.
Market backdrop
US stocks hovered near all-time highs last week. US 10-year yields jumped sharply to near 4.40% before the Federal Reserve’s expected rate cut.
Week ahead
Even if the Fed cuts further in 2025, markets have come around to our view that sticky inflation means policy rates will settle well above pre-pandemic levels.
We believe economies are undergoing a transformation that could keep shifting the long-term economic trend. That creates a wide range of potential outcomes and a need to use scenarios to guide portfolio construction, we think. Government bonds have become a less reliable cushion against risk asset selloffs in this new regime. So investors should consider new diversifiers like gold and bitcoin – not to replace bonds, but to get exposure to distinct drivers of risk and return.
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Not so correlated
Bitcoin, gold and global government bond correlation to equity returns, 2014-2024
Past performance is not a reliable indicator of current or future results. It is not possible to invest directly in an index. Indexes are unmanaged and index performance does not account for fees. Source: BlackRock Investment Institute, with data from Bloomberg, December 2024. Notes: The chart shows the correlation of bitcoin, gold and global government bonds to developed market equity returns on a two-year historical window and calculated using weekly total returns. Indexes used: Bloomberg Global Agg Treasuries Total Return Index Value Unhedged USD for bonds and Bloomberg Developed Markets Large & Mid Cap Total Return Index for equities. Spot prices are used for gold and bitcoin.
To help track the wide range of possible outcomes, we and BlackRock portfolio managers created five scenarios to map different market and economic outlooks over the next six to 12 months. Of the two scenarios where stocks sell off, we expect government bonds to provide protection in only one. Why? The long-negative correlation between stock and bond returns varies with the macro backdrop. It has turned positive amid sticky inflation – see the chart – so bonds less reliably cushion portfolios against equity selloffs. We eye other diversifiers since historical options don’t work as well. Take gold and bitcoin. Their correlation to global stocks remains limited, even with the occasional spike, making them better diversifiers than bonds in the last two years. This isn’t about replacing bonds: Today, gold and bitcoin don’t have the negative correlation bonds did but instead offer distinct sources of return.
We think gold has diversification properties because its risk and return drivers are different than those for equity and bond returns. Investors have long turned to gold to protect their portfolios from inflation and geopolitical risks, and to act as a store of value because its limited supply preserves value over time. Gold prices have surged this year alongside the US dollar – a break from their traditional inverse relationship. What’s behind that? Investors seeking to protect portfolios against higher inflation, and some central banks seeking alternatives to major reserve currencies against the backdrop of heightened geopolitical tensions. Such demand can drive returns for alternative diversifiers like gold, no matter past correlations.
The case for bitcoin
Like gold, bitcoin could appreciate over time when its predetermined supply is met with growing demand. But demand for bitcoin is based on investor belief in its potential to be more widely adopted – and is thus central to its investment case. Some potential drivers of adoption: Bitcoin is decentralised, with no direct government ability to change supply. It’s also perceived to be immune from the effects of persistent government budget deficits, rising debt and higher inflation eroding the value of sovereign currencies. We see these factors making bitcoin more attractive in today’s world, and it could be a more diversified source of return because its value drivers are different than for traditional assets. Yet it remains highly volatile and vulnerable to sharp selloffs. And its value could tumble if it’s not widely adopted. Read more in our new paper (for professional investors).
We stay pro-risk headed into 2025 and think the most likely near-term scenario is one where US growth moderates, but corporate profits remain strong. Risks to our view include surging long-term bond yields and greater trade protectionism. Our scenarios outline other risks, such as sticky inflation spurring central banks to stop cutting rates or slowing growth. If such an outlook spurs markets to flip-flop in their pricing of interest rates, bonds may not effectively hedge against any stock selloffs. We think investors should broaden their diversification toolkits, with gold and bitcoin potentially promising additions.
Our bottom line
Bonds no longer reliably diversify portfolios across a wide range of possible outcomes and scenarios. That calls for a rethink of diversifiers. This is our last weekly commentary of 2024, and we will return on Monday, Jan. 6. Happy holidays.
Market backdrop
US stocks paused near all-time highs last week, with the S&P 500 up nearly 30% this year. US core CPI for November cleared the way for a Federal Reserve rate cut this week but showed sticky services inflation, we think. US 10-year Treasury yields rose more than 20 basis points to near 4.40% as the Fed could signal a pause in its cuts. Chinese 10-year bond yields fell the most since the 2020 Covid-19 outbreak on concerns expected stimulus may not be enough to revive growth.
Several central banks meet this week, with an expected Fed policy rate cut looming largest. US core PCE, the Fed’s preferred inflation measure, out later in the week will show whether services inflation remains sticky. Wage growth is holding at levels that don’t suggest inflation is set to cool back near the Fed’s 2% target. These are key reasons why, even if the Fed is likely to cut rates further in 2025, we see rates ultimately settling higher than pre-pandemic levels.
Week ahead
Past performance is not a reliable indicator of current or future results. Indexes are unmanaged and do not account for fees. It is not possible to invest directly in an index. Sources: BlackRock Investment Institute, with data from LSEG Datastream as of Dec. 12, 2024. Notes: The two ends of the bars show the lowest and highest returns at any point year to date, and the dots represent current year-to-date returns. Emerging market (EM), high yield and global corporate investment grade (IG) returns are denominated in US dollars, and the rest in local currencies. Indexes or prices used are: spot Brent crude, ICE US Dollar Index (DXY), spot gold, MSCI Emerging Markets Index, MSCI Europe Index, LSEG Datastream 10-year benchmark government bond index (US, Germany and Italy), Bank of America Merrill Lynch Global High Yield Index, J.P. Morgan EMBI Index, Bank of America Merrill Lynch Global Broad Corporate Index and MSCI USA Index.
Dec. 16
Global flash PMIs
Dec. 18
Federal Reserve policy decision; UK CPI
Dec. 19
Bank of England policy decision
Dec. 20
US PCE; Bank of Japan policy decision; Japan CPI
Read our past weekly commentaries here.
Big calls
Our highest conviction views on tactical (6-12 month) and strategic (long-term) horizons, December 2024
| Reasons | ||
|---|---|---|
| Tactical | ||
| US equities | We see the AI buildout and adoption creating opportunities across sectors. We tap into beneficiaries outside the tech sector. Robust economic growth, broad earnings growth and a quality tilt underpin our conviction and overweight in US stocks versus other regions. We see valuations for big tech backed by strong earnings, and less lofty valuations for other sectors. | |
| Japanese equities | A brighter outlook for Japan’s economy and corporate reforms are driving improved earnings and shareholder returns. Yet the potential drag on earnings from a stronger yen is a risk. | |
| Selective in fixed income | Persistent deficits and sticky inflation in the US make us more positive on fixed income elsewhere, notably Europe. We are underweight long-term US Treasuries and like UK gilts instead. We also prefer European credit – both investment grade and high yield – over the US on cheaper valuations. | |
| Strategic | ||
| Infrastructure equity and private credit | We see opportunities in infrastructure equity due to attractive relative valuations and mega forces. We think private credit will earn lending share as banks retreat – and at attractive returns. | |
| Fixed income granularity | We prefer short- and medium-term investment grade credit, which offers similar yields with less interest rate risk than long-dated credit. We also like short-term government bonds in the US and euro area and UK gilts overall. | |
| Equity granularity | We favor emerging over developed markets yet get selective in both. EMs at the cross current of mega forces – like India and Saudi Arabia – offer opportunities. In DM, we like Japan as the return of inflation and corporate reforms brighten our outlook. | |
Note: Views are from a US dollar perspective, December 2024. This material represents an assessment of the market environment at a specific time and is not intended to be a forecast of future events or a guarantee of future results. This information should not be relied upon by the reader as research or investment advice regarding any particular funds, strategy or security.
Tactical granular views
Six to 12-month tactical views on selected assets vs. broad global asset classes by level of conviction, December 2024
Our approach is to first determine asset allocations based on our macro outlook – and what’s in the price. The table below reflects this. It leaves aside the opportunity for alpha, or the potential to generate above-benchmark returns. The new regime is not conducive to static exposures to broad asset classes, in our view, but it is creating more space for alpha. For example, the alpha opportunity in highly efficient DM equities markets historically has been low. That’s no longer the case, we think, thanks to greater volatility, macro uncertainty and dispersion of returns. The new regime puts a premium on insights and skill, in our view.
| Asset | Tactical view | Commentary | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equities | ||||||
| United States |  |
We are overweight as the AI theme and earnings growth broaden. Valuations for AI beneficiaries are supported by tech companies delivering on earnings. Resilient growth and Fed rate cuts support sentiment. Risks include any long-term yield surges or escalating trade protectionism. | ||||
| Europe |  |
We are underweight relative to the US, Japan and the UK – our preferred markets. Valuations are fair. A growth pickup and European Central Bank rate cuts support a modest earnings recovery. Yet political uncertainty could keep investors cautious. | ||||
| UK |  |
We are neutral. Political stability could improve investor sentiment. Yet an increase in the corporate tax burden could hurt profit margins near term | ||||
| Japan |  |
We are overweight. A brighter outlook for Japan’s economy and corporate reforms are driving improved earnings and shareholder returns. Yet a stronger yen dragging on earnings is a risk. | ||||
| Emerging markets | |
We are neutral. The growth and earnings outlook is mixed. We see valuations for India and Taiwan looking high. | ||||
| China |  |
We are modestly overweight. China’s fiscal stimulus is not yet enough to address the drags on economic growth, but we think stocks are at attractive valuations to DM shares. We stand ready to pivot. We are cautious long term given China’s structural challenges. | ||||
| Fixed income | ||||||
| Short US Treasuries | |
We are neutral. Markets are pricing in fewer Federal Reserve rate cuts and their policy rate expectations are now roughly in line with our views. | ||||
| Long US Treasuries | |
We are underweight. Persistent budget deficits and geopolitical fragmentation could drive term premium up over the near term. We prefer intermediate maturities less vulnerable to investors demanding more term premium. | ||||
| Global inflation-linked bonds | |
We are neutral. We see higher medium-term inflation, but cooling inflation and growth may matter more near term. | ||||
| Euro area government bonds | |
We are neutral. Market pricing reflects policy rates in line with our expectations and 10-year yields are off their highs. Political uncertainty remains a risk to fiscal sustainability. | ||||
| UK Gilts | |
We are overweight. Gilt yields offer attractive income, and we think the Bank of England will cut rates more than the market is pricing given a soft economy. | ||||
| Japan government bonds |  |
We are underweight. Stock returns look more attractive to us. We see some of the least attractive returns in JGBs. | ||||
| China government bonds | |
We are neutral. Bonds are supported by looser policy. Yet we find yields more attractive in short-term DM paper. | ||||
| US agency MBS | |
We are neutral. We see agency MBS as a high-quality exposure in a diversified bond allocation and prefer it to IG. | ||||
| Short-term IG credit | |
We are overweight. Short-term bonds better compensate for interest rate risk. | ||||
| Long-term IG credit | |
We are underweight. Spreads are tight, so we prefer taking risk in equities from a whole portfolio perspective. We prefer Europe over the US | ||||
| Global high yield | |
We are neutral. Spreads are tight, but the total income makes it more attractive than IG. We prefer Europe. | ||||
| Asia credit | |
We are neutral. We don’t find valuations compelling enough to turn more positive. | ||||
| Emerging market - hard currency | |
We are neutral. The asset class has performed well due to its quality, attractive yields and EM central bank rate cuts. We think those rate cuts may soon be paused. | ||||
| Emerging market - local currency | |
We are neutral. Yields have fallen closer to US Treasury yields, and EM central banks look to be turning more cautious after cutting policy rates sharply. | ||||
Past performance is not a reliable indicator of current or future results. It is not possible to invest directly in an index. The statements on alpha do not consider fees. Note: Views are from a US dollar perspective. This material represents an assessment of the market environment at a specific time and is not intended to be a forecast or guarantee of future results. This information should not be relied upon as investment advice regarding any particular fund, strategy or security.
Euro-denominated tactical granular views
Six to 12-month tactical views on selected assets vs. broad global asset classes by level of conviction, December 2024
| Asset | Tactical view | Commentary | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equities | ||||
| Europe ex UK | |
We are underweight relative to the US and Japan, which remain our preferred markets. Valuations are fair. A growth pickup and European Central Bank rate cuts support a modest earnings recovery. Yet geopolitical tensions, domestic political uncertainty, potential tariffs, and fading optimism about China’s stimulus could weigh on investor sentiment. | ||
| Germany | |
We are underweight. Valuations and earnings momentum offer modest support compared to peers, especially as ECB rate cuts ease financing conditions. Prolonged uncertainty over the next government, potential tariffs, and fading optimism about China’s stimulus could dampen sentiment. | ||
| France | |
We are underweight. The outcome of France’s parliamentary election and ongoing political uncertainty could weigh on business conditions for French companies. Yet, only a small share of the revenues and operations of major French firms is tied to domestic activity. | ||
| Italy | |
We are underweight. Valuations are supportive relative to peers, but past growth and earnings outperformance largely stemmed from significant fiscal stimulus in 2022-2023, which is unlikely to be sustained in the coming years. | ||
| Spain | |
We are neutral. Valuations and earnings momentum are supportive compared to other euro area stocks. The utilities sector stands to gain from an improving economic backdrop and advancements in AI. | ||
| Netherlands | |
We are underweight. The Dutch stock market’s tilt to technology and semiconductors—key beneficiaries of rising AI demand—is offset by less favorable valuations and a weaker earnings outlook compared to European peers. | ||
| Switzerland | |
We are underweight, consistent with our broader European view. Earnings have improved, but valuations remain elevated compared to other European markets. The index’s defensive tilt may offer less support if global risk appetite stays strong. | ||
| UK | |
We are neutral. Political stability could improve investor sentiment. Yet an increase in the corporate tax burden could hurt profit margins near term. | ||
| Fixed income | ||||
| Euro area government bonds | |
We are neutral. Market pricing aligns with our policy rate expectations, and 10-year yields have retreated from their highs. Political uncertainty poses risks to fiscal sustainability, but select peripheral markets are bolstered by stronger growth and improving credit ratings. | ||
| German bunds | |
We are neutral. Market pricing aligns with our policy rate expectations, and 10-year yields have eased from their highs, partly due to growth concerns. We are watching the fiscal flexibility debate ahead of upcoming elections. | ||
| French OATs | |
We are neutral. France faces challenges from elevated political uncertainty, persistent budget deficits, and a slower pace of structural reforms. The EU has already warned the country for breaching fiscal rules, and its sovereign credit rating was downgraded earlier this year. | ||
| Italian BTPs | |
We are neutral. The spread over German bunds looks tight given its budget deficits and debt profile, prompting a warning from the EU. Other domestic factors remain supportive, with growth holding up relative to the rest of the euro area and Italian households showing solid demand to hold BTPs at higher yields. | ||
| UK gilts | |
We are overweight. Gilt yields offer attractive income, and we think the Bank of England will cut rates more than the market is pricing given a soft economy. | ||
| Swiss government bonds | |
We are neutral. The Swiss National Bank has cut policy rates this year as inflationary pressures eased but is unlikely to reduce rates significantly further. | ||
| European inflation-linked bonds | |
We are neutral. We see higher medium-term inflation, but cooling inflation and sluggish growth may matter more near term. | ||
| European investment grade credit | |
We are neutral on European investment grade credit, favoring short- to medium-term paper for quality income. We prefer European investment grade over the US, as spreads are relatively wider. | ||
| European high yield | |
We are overweight. The income potential is attractive, and we prefer European high yield for its more appealing valuations, higher quality, and shorter duration compared to the US. In our view, spreads adequately compensate for the risk of a potential rise in defaults. | ||
Past performance is not a reliable indicator of current or future results. It is not possible to invest directly in an index. Note: Views are from a euro perspective, December 2024. This material represents an assessment of the market environment at a specific time and is not intended to be a forecast or guarantee of future results. This information should not be relied upon as investment advice regarding any particular fund, strategy or security.
Meet the authors
Wei Li
Global Chief Investment Strategist – BlackRock Investment Institute
Samara Cohen
Chief Investment Officer of ETFs and Index Investments – BlackRock
Vivek Paul
Global Head of Portfolio Research – BlackRock Investment Institute
Paul Henderson
Senior Portfolio Strategist – BlackRock Investment Institute
Laszlo Tisler
Portfolio Strategist – BlackRock Investment Institute
This material is for distribution to Professional Clients (as defined by the Financial Conduct Authority or MiFID Rules) and Qualified Investors only and should not be relied upon by any other persons.
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Past performance is not a reliable indicator of current or future results and should not be the sole factor of consideration when selecting a product or strategy.
Capital at risk. The value of investments and the income from them can fall as well as rise and is not guaranteed. You may not get back the amount originally invested. Changes in the rates of exchange between currencies may cause the value of investments to diminish or increase. Fluctuation may be particularly marked in the case of a higher volatility fund and the value of an investment may fall suddenly and substantially. Levels and basis of taxation may change from time to time.
Any research in this document has been procured and may have been acted on by BlackRock for its own purpose. The results of such research are being made available only incidentally. The views expressed do not constitute investment or any other advice and are subject to change. They do not necessarily reflect the views of any company in the BlackRock Group or any part thereof and no assurances are made as to their accuracy.
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